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Guillaume-Jules Hoüel (born 7 April 1823 in Thaon; died 14 June 1886 in Périers) was a French mathematician. He entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1843 and received his doctoral degree in 1855 from the Sorbonne. He was sought by Urbain Le Verrier at the Paris Observatory, but chose instead to return to Thaon to study there. In 1859 he began to teach at Bordeaux. In 1863 Hoüel expressed his doubts about the verifiability of the parallel postulate of Euclid.〔J. Houel (1863) "Essai d'une expositin rationelle des principes fondamentaux de la geometrie elementaire", ''Archiv der Mathematik und Physik'' 40: 171–211〕 In 1867 Hoüel produced French translations of two key publications of non-Euclidean geometry: Lobachevski's ''Geometrical Studies on the Theory of Parallels''〔J. Hoüel (1867) "Etudes geometriques sur la theorie des parallels", ''Mémoirs de la Société des Sciences Physiques et Naturalles de Bordeaux'' 4: 83–128, reprinted by Gauthier-Villars〕 and Bolyai's ''Science of Absolute Space''.〔J. Hoüel (1867) "La Science absolute de l'espace", ''Mémoirs de la Société des Sciences Physiques et Naturalles de Bordeaux'' 5: 189–248〕 Hoüel published a four volume work titled ''Théorie Élémentaire des Quantités Complexes''. Volume four, published in 1874, began with an discussion of properties of algebraic operations (commutativity, associativity, distribution, and inverses) and used the algebra of quaternions and versors to describe spherical trigonometry.〔J. Hoüel (1874) (Éléments de la Théorie des Quaternions ), Gauthier-Villars publisher, link from Google Books〕 However, in 1890 P. G. Tait revealed his dissatisfaction with Hoüel's changes in notation with text that Tait had given for Hoüel's use. Tait wrote:〔P. G. Tait (1890) (An Elementary Treatise on Quaternions ), 3rd edition, p. vi, Cambridge University Press, link from Internet Archive〕 :The earliest offender in this class was the late M. Hoüel who, while availing himself of my permission to reproduce, in his ''Théorie Élémentaire des Quantités Complexes'', large parts of this volume, made his pages absolutely repulsive by introducing fancied improvements in the notation. In 1876 Hoüel reviewed a Russian language quaternion textbook written by Romer (1868)〔J. Hoüel (1876) "Principles fundamentaux de la Méthode de Quaternions", ''Bulletin ces Sciences Mathématiques et Astronomique'' 11: 113,4〕 == References == * G. B. Halsted (1897) (Guillaume-Jules Hoüel ), American Mathematical Monthly 4:99–101, link from Jstor early content. * * 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jules Hoüel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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